Wildlife Conservation Day 2025| As Wildlife Conservation Day 2025 puts global focus on human–wildlife coexistence, leading conservationist Tiger Man Pradeep Vyas, IFS, warns that India’s big cats are displaying increasingly bold behaviour. Tigers, he notes, no longer hesitate to hunt openly in front of tourists. Vyas—renowned for pioneering conservation strategies in the Sundarbans and establishing India’s first dedicated rescue centre for injured and ageing tigers, easing pressure on Kolkata’s Alipore Zoological Garden—says these behavioural shifts signal urgent ecological stress.
This year’s Wildlife Conservation Day comes at a time when India is witnessing a sharp rise in big cat intrusions and conflict. For instance, the recent case of a two-year-old male leopard slipping into Jaipur’s VIP Civil Lines, seeking shelter inside a school and even the official residence of a state minister, triggered hours of high drama before forest teams tranquillised and moved it to safety.
On the morning of the incident, the animal entered a school, moved into the official bungalow of the state water resources minister and was later found hiding in a basement. The rescue operation involved forest staff and senior officers; the leopard was tranquillised and taken back to Jhalana or released nearby. Authorities said this was the fourth leopard intrusion into Jaipur in a month, reflecting growing friction between the city and the adjacent Jhalana leopard reserve and pointing to shrinking buffers and shifting prey patterns that push predators toward human habitats.
Wild big cat attacks involving tigers, leopards, lions and other large felines continue to create fear across forest belts, rural edges and even peri-urban zones in India. Incidents reported through 2024 and 2025 reveal a sharp rise in encounters, expanding conflict zones and shifting animal behaviour due to habitat stress, prey decline and human expansion.
In Uttarakhand, officials have confirmed that 48 leopards classified as dangerous are currently held in rescue centres. Many of them repeatedly intruded into human habitations and were deemed potential threats after exhibiting bold and unpredictable behaviour. Several are suspected man-eaters or chronic livestock raiders, often moving through settlements because natural prey has dwindled or forest cover has thinned.
Tamil Nadu’s Coimbatore region witnessed a deeply distressing case when a four-year-old girl was killed near a tea estate in Valparai. The forest department later trapped the suspected leopard in a cage placed in the vicinity of the attack site.
Madhya Pradesh has recorded its own string of unsettling encounters. In one incident, a leopard entered a home in a forest-fringe village and struck a child before escaping. The case triggered days of panic until officials used tranquillisers and containment cages to secure the area. In yet another attack in the Dhar region, a man grazing goats suffered injuries to his abdomen and hands when a leopard ambushed the herd. Villagers managed to drive the cat away before rushing the man to the hospital.
India’s tigers have also been responsible for a rising number of fatal encounters. In Maharashtra’s Chandrapur district, the 40th victim of the year was recorded when a 54-year-old man was found dead in a forest patch. His bicycle lay beside torn clothes and bloodstains, suggesting a sudden and brutal attack.
Across Madhya Pradesh, 32 lives have been lost to tiger attacks in the past five years. The alarming frequency of such encounters has persuaded the government to approve a plan worth INR 145 crores for the 2025 to 2028 period to strengthen buffer zones around major reserves.
In Kerala, a tribal woman in Wayanad was killed by a tiger near a forest-edge village in early 2025. This happened shortly after another problem tiger from a tea-estate zone was tranquilised and relocated.
Karnataka has faced the opposite side of the crisis. Eighty two tigers have died inside the state’s forests in the past five years, many under suspicious circumstances such as electrocution, poisoning, snaring and collisions. While the population remains significant, the mortality rate raises concerns about human pressures inside protected areas.
Though incidents are rarer outside Gujarat, lions have also inflicted casualties. A five-year-old boy in Amreli district was dragged and killed by a lioness in 2025. Forest officials later identified the presence of a sub-adult lion accompanying her by analysing pugmarks and began cage-and-search operations across surrounding villages to prevent further tragedy.
A disequilibrium of such scale in human-animal habitat is a conversation which is the need of the hour, especially with Wildlife Conservation Day around the corner. The major cause of conflict seems to be ecological stress. In Madhya Pradesh, the tiger population has nearly doubled in the last decade. This growth is celebrated from a conservation standpoint, yet it also compresses territories and pushes sub-adult or dispersing tigers into areas where people live and farm.
Uttarakhand’s data from 2014 to 2024 reveals another striking pattern. While tigers caused 68 deaths and 83 injuries in the period, leopards caused 214 deaths and more than 1,000 injuries. Leopards outnumber tigers in fringe zones, and their survival depends on scavenging or hunting near settlements, increasing the likelihood of contact.
Human encroachment around reserves, road networks slicing through wildlife corridors, and climate-related shifts in prey availability all combine to drive predators toward farms, plantations and villages.
The numbers are grim, but the lived stories reveal the deeper emotional toll. In a Madhya Pradesh village, a leopard lunged at a child in the early hours of dawn. The sudden attack left families terrified of venturing out at dawn or dusk. Forest officials later tranquillised the cat, yet fear continues to dictate daily routines.
Tamil Nadu’s Valparai tragedy prompted plantation workers to advocate for designated safe movement hours along estate trails. After the four-year-old girl was dragged into the tea bushes, the forest department monitored movement patterns, eventually capturing the leopard just 700 metres from worker housing.
In Gujarat, the lioness attack on the young boy traumatised entire hamlets, prompting nightly patrols, closure of grazing routes and stricter livestock-penning practices.
By late 2025, one thing is clear. Conflict with big cats is not restricted to remote forest interiors. It spans village edges, plantations, buffer zones, mining belts, riverbanks and even semi-urban fringes.
Habitat loss, rising predator populations, fragmented corridors, human encroachment and shifting prey patterns ensure that big cat encounters are likely to rise unless proactive policies, land-use planning and community-level awareness are strengthened.
Speaking to Outlook Traveller, with Wildlife Conservation Day 2025 just around the corner, IFS Pradeep Vyas, widely known as “Tiger Man,” explained the basics of tourist safety by saying, “My first message to tourists is very simple: do not get down from the vehicle. As long as you remain inside, whether it is a tiger or a leopard, in almost every case, they will just look at you and walk away.” He added that big cats in safari zones are accustomed to jeeps and do not see them as a threat. “The moment you step out, they immediately recognise you as a possible disturbance, and that is when an attack can happen. For me, this is rule number one.”
He emphasised the time of visitation. “You must ensure you are in the forest during daytime, whether early morning or evening. Avoid the night because big cats are not used to human presence after dark.” According to him, trained forest personnel understand feline behaviour and operate accordingly, unlike untrained visitors.
Distance, he insisted, is critical. “Keeping a safe distance is everything. If you stay far enough, neither a tiger nor a leopard will feel alarmed, and they usually won’t attack.”
When asked about night safaris, he clarified, “Night safaris are not conducted in most places.” But in areas where they exist, he said, “People remain strictly inside the vehicle, and an expert guide always accompanies them.” The real risk, according to him, comes from “enthusiastic tourists who try to get out of the vehicle, which is extremely dangerous.”
On animals wandering into villages or towns, he advised, “If a tiger or leopard strays into a residential area, you should withdraw as quickly and quietly as possible. Do nothing that can alarm the animal.” He warned that if the cat is already agitated, escape becomes difficult: “If they decide to attack, you cannot outrun them. They are far faster than humans.” But in calmer situations, he said, “Move away to a safe distance and take shelter wherever possible, inside another room or behind secure cover.”
Speaking on rising leopard attacks, he commented, “Leopard attacks in different regions happen for different reasons. In cities, their natural prey is simply missing. Leopards cannot survive on large animals; they depend on small deer or wild boar.” When the prey base collapses, he said, “They move into villages or urban edges for easy prey like dogs and goats.” Most encounters are accidental: “People just happen to come in front of them when the animal is hunting for easy food, and then they attack.”
He pointed out a different pattern in tea gardens. “In North Bengal, Assam and similar landscapes, leopards use trenches inside tea estates to give birth.” During this period, he said, “Mothers become extremely aggressive to protect their cubs.” His advice: “During the breeding season, avoid areas with known leopard presence unless you make enough sound for the animals to move away before you enter.”
Reflecting on memorable field experiences, Vyas said, “I worked mostly in the Sundarbans and in Buxa Tiger Reserve. In Buxa, the tiger density was too low for regular conflict, but the Sundarbans were completely different.” He explained that “Sundarban tigers treat humans inside the forest as natural prey,” which is why fishermen and forest workers face danger. But these same tigers behave differently outside the forest. “When they come into villages, they are incredibly smart. They avoid harming people.” He gave a striking example: “In the last forty-five years, only one person—a girl in 2004—was killed by a tiger outside the forest. The animals have come out hundreds of times, but they quietly take a goat or a dog and return. They never disturb people, even though villagers often sleep outdoors in thatched huts.”
Recalling his own confrontations with big cats, he said, “My encounters have mostly been with calm individuals. If you maintain distance, they do not attack. They are as concerned about their safety as we are.” He added, “Most of these animals are actually afraid of humans. Only a tiger with abnormal behaviour, which is rare, or an animal that feels cornered will consider attacking.”
Addressing the claim that tourism alters big-cat behaviour, he explained, “This is very clear habituation in tourism zones. Tigers get used to disturbances from jeeps, boats and people.” He described how prey species have adapted as well: “Deer and other prey now prefer areas near tourist camps or villages because they know these are avoided by tigers.” Some predators take advantage of this shift. “Many tigers have learned to hunt near these gathering points of prey.” He also confirmed a major behavioural change: “Tigers no longer hesitate to hunt in front of tourists. They know that worrying about people will only reduce their chances of a kill, so they simply ignore the presence of jeeps.”
Long before modern wildlife science formalised the study of large carnivores, Jim Corbett and Kenneth Anderson were documenting the instincts, fears and intelligence of tigers and leopards with extraordinary precision. Their writings continue to shape what we understand about conflict, pursuit, and predator psychology in the Indian landscape.
Jim Corbett, the hunter-naturalist of Kumaon and Garhwal, spent his life tracking man-eaters across the Himalayan foothills and recording their behaviour with rare empathy. In 'Man-Eaters of Kumaon', he wrote that “a man-eating tiger is a tiger that has been compelled, through stress of circumstances beyond its control, to adopt a diet alien to it,” a reminder that big cats attack humans only when pushed into desperation. Corbett admired the animal even when he was forced to hunt it, calling the tiger “a large-hearted gentleman with courage that few men have.” His account of stalking the Rudraprayag leopard captures the terror of facing an unseen apex predator; as he put it in 'The Man-Eating Leopard of Rudraprayag', “there is no more terrible thing than to be stalked by a man-eater who is unseen and feels no fear of you.”
Corbett’s writings remain strikingly relevant to modern conflict zones. He repeatedly urged people to respect distance, explaining that even the fiercest predators avoid confrontation unless injured or threatened. In 'Jungle Lore', he observed that “a tiger’s roar is so imposing that it can freeze a man in his tracks, yet the animal itself will avoid confrontation whenever possible.” His field experiences also reinforced an overlooked truth: most big cats fear humans. Only when wounded does a predator become unpredictable. As he warns in 'Rudraprayag', “a leopard when wounded becomes one of the most dangerous animals in the world.”
While Corbett chronicled the northern hills, Kenneth Anderson interpreted the forests of southern India with equal clarity. Often called the “Corbett of the South,” Anderson wrote extensively about tigers, panthers and rogue elephants across Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala. His deep familiarity with the terrain shaped his understanding of predators. In 'The Black Panther of Sivanipalli', he noted that “the jungle has a hundred eyes and you are watched long before you know anything is there,” a reflection on how silently big cats assess human behaviour. His respect for the panther is unmistakable; he described it as “the most intelligent of all cats, and certainly the most elusive.”
Anderson agreed with Corbett that human-eating behaviour is rarely a choice. In 'Nine Maneaters and One Rogue', he wrote that “a man-eater is not born; it is made by circumstance,” attributing attacks to injury, scarcity of prey or displacement. His practical field wisdom still guides modern trackers. In 'The Call of the Man-Eater', he remarked that “every track tells a story if one has the patience to read it,” summarising a lifetime of learning to decode the forest floor.
A big cat’s body language tells you a lot. A relaxed walking leopard with its tail down is not the same as a crouched cat with its ears pinned that is ready to pounce. Direct eye contact from a wild cat can be read as aggression by the animal or may make it feel cornered. A cat that is secretive, moving at night and aloof is probably avoiding humans. Injured or starving cats may show unusual boldness by approaching daylight settlements or climbing on roofs and entering buildings. Corbett and Anderson both emphasise careful observation: hunting or capture work begins with noticing small behavioural oddities that signal a larger problem.
As India’s encounters with big cats grow more frequent and unpredictable, the Jaipur incident prompts that coexistence demands both preparedness and respect for the wild. Leopards, tigers and other large predators are not intruders by choice, but wanderers pushed to the edge by shrinking forests, depleted prey and expanding human footprints. The path forward lies in strengthening habitat corridors, improving rapid-response wildlife teams, and educating communities so that panic does not turn into tragedy. Until the landscape becomes safer for both humans and animals, such dramatic confrontations will remain an acute reflection of an ecological imbalance that urgently needs correction.
1. Why did a leopard enter Jaipur’s Civil Lines area?
Experts say shrinking buffers, expanding urban edges and changing prey patterns around the Jhalana Reserve are driving leopards into Jaipur’s residential zones more frequently.
2. Are leopard and tiger attacks rising across India?
Yes. Data from multiple states shows a significant increase in human–wildlife encounters due to habitat loss, reduced prey, fragmented forests and expanding rural–urban boundaries.
3. Which states are reporting the highest conflict with big cats?
Major hotspots include Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Gujarat, all of which have reported repeated leopard and tiger incidents in 2024–2025.
4. What should people do if a big cat enters a village or city area?
Experts advise withdrawing quietly, avoiding sudden movement, staying indoors and allowing trained forest teams to handle the situation without crowding the animal.
5. What long-term steps can reduce big cat conflict?
Strengthening habitat corridors, regulating land use, improving rapid-response teams, restoring prey bases and raising community awareness are essential for sustainable coexistence.