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Every winter, vast numbers of birds embark on extraordinary journeys to reach India. As the breeding grounds in Siberia, Central Asia, and northern Europe cool and food becomes scarce, these species are compelled to find warmer climates where water bodies remain unfrozen and insects or plant-based food continue to thrive. India lies at the heart of one of the world’s major migratory routes—the Central Asian Flyway—and offers a rich mosaic of habitats: wetlands, salt pans, rivers, grasslands, and coastal lagoons. Its relatively mild winters, abundant water bodies, and diverse ecosystems provide the perfect refuge for these birds to rest, feed, and sometimes even breed, before returning to their northern homes when spring arrives.
The bar-headed goose is a remarkable waterfowl known for its endurance: a medium-sized goose that navigates the thin air of the Himalayas with ease. In its plumage, you see pale, greyish-brown body feathers contrasted with a striking black-and-white head pattern. These geese breed on high-altitude lakes in Central Asia and Tibet, where they nest near the water’s edge among grassy banks. During winter, they descend into lowland wetlands, flooded fields, and shallow lakes, grazing on grasses, grains, and agricultural stubble, sometimes dabbling in water. Their pair bonds during the breeding season are strong, and they carefully build nests to rear their young under harsh mountain conditions.
Time of migration: They begin arriving in India from around October and stay through the colder months, departing again in spring.
Migration route (to/from): These geese fly from breeding grounds in Central Asia and Tibet and famously cross the Himalayas at very high altitudes to winter in South Asia.
Where to find in India: Look for them in key wetland sites such as Pong Dam in Himachal Pradesh, Keoladeo (Bharatpur) in Rajasthan, and other freshwater lakes across northern and central India.
The demoiselle crane is one of the more elegant crane species, delicate in stature yet graceful in flight. With long legs, a slender neck, and a predominantly grey body, it holds itself with poise, and in summer, you may notice its black-and-white plumes around the head. It breeds in the vast open steppes of Central Eurasia, usually near water but in areas with sparse vegetation. There, breeding pairs lay their eggs on bare ground or grass patches and raise their chicks through elaborate territorial displays and dancing. In winter, these cranes migrate in large flocks, often roosting in shallow water at night and feeding in agricultural fields by day.
Time of migration: Demoiselle cranes typically arrive in India in October and remain until around March.
Migration route (to/from): They travel from breeding territories in Mongolia, China, and Central Asia to winter in the Indian subcontinent and parts of Africa, depending on the population.
Where to find in India: One of the most famous wintering spots is the village of Khichan in Rajasthan, where thousands of these cranes gather each winter, thanks to community feeding traditions.
The common crane is a stately, large bird with a long neck, grey plumage, and a resonant call. During the breeding season in northern Europe and across Eurasia, these cranes favour marshy landscapes, meadows, and shallow wetlands where they build nests on the ground. Their diet is flexible; they feed on plant tubers, grains, as well as invertebrates. Their mating rituals are complex, featuring synchronised dancing, trumpeting calls, and strong pair bonds.
Time of migration: These cranes often begin arriving in winter (November through February) in their more southerly wintering zones.
Migration route (to/from): Breeding in northern Eurasia, some common cranes migrate along various flyways into southern Europe, West Asia, and in smaller numbers, into parts of South Asia.
Where to find in India: While historically more common in places like Keoladeo (Bharatpur), they can sometimes be spotted in wetlands of north-west India and other large marshy areas, especially during milder winters.
The Siberian crane is a truly majestic and ghostly-white crane species, large and graceful, with long legs, a small head, and a slender bill. In its breeding grounds on the arctic tundra of Siberia, it raises its young among shallow marshes, feeding primarily on roots, tubers, and aquatic plants. Its breeding behaviour includes pair bonding and delicate nest building in remote, low-vegetation wetlands.
Time of migration: Historically, Siberian cranes migrated into India in winter, typically staying from November to March.
Migration route (to/from): These cranes used to fly thousands of kilometres from their arctic breeding grounds in Siberia to wintering sites in India and Iran. Unfortunately, populations have declined sharply, and their winter presence in India is now extremely rare.
Where to find in India: The best-known wintering site was Keoladeo National Park (Bharatpur, Rajasthan), though modern confirmed sightings are very few, and the species is no longer a regular visitor.
The ruddy shelduck is a strikingly coloured duck: its body is a warm, rich orange-brown, with a paler head and a contrasting black tail and wing patches. It breeds in high-altitude lakes, rivers, or swamps in Central Asia, Mongolia, and western China, often choosing remote, rugged terrain. There, it nests in crevices, riverbanks, or cliff edges. Outside the breeding season, it moves to more accessible lowland areas where it favours shallow water bodies, marshes, and flooded grasslands; it feeds on a variety of water plants, grasses, grains, and small invertebrates.
Time of migration: The shelducks typically arrive in India by October and stay through the winter, leaving by around April.
Migration route (to/from): They migrate from their breeding range across Central Asia and Central China into the Indian subcontinent.
Where to find in India: You can spot them in a range of wetlands — from high-altitude lakes to rivers and reservoirs in northern India, and even in marshes and lagoons across the plains.
The northern pintail is a sleek and graceful duck, especially the male, which sports a long, elegant tail that tapers into two pointed feathers. Its plumage is subtle yet refined, and its slender neck gives it a delicate profile. In its breeding range across northern Eurasia and Siberia, it pairs up to nest on the ground, often concealed in vegetation. Its diet in winter includes aquatic plants, seeds, and small invertebrates, which it obtains by dabbling in shallow water.
Time of migration: They typically arrive in India between October and December, and most depart in March or April.
Migration route (to/from): These ducks breed across northern Eurasia and migrate southwards to warmer regions, including the Indian subcontinent, during winter.
Where to find in India: Look for them in wetlands such as large lakes, estuaries, and coastal lagoons — prime spots include Chilika Lake (Odisha), Pulicat Lake (Andhra Pradesh / Tamil Nadu), Keoladeo (Bharatpur), and many inland reservoirs.
The greater flamingo is one of the most iconic and flamboyant wading birds you can see in India during winter. Standing tall on its long, spindly legs with a curved neck, its pale pink plumage is matched with darker flight feathers, and its beak is uniquely adapted for filter feeding. Flamingos frequent shallow, brackish, or saline wetlands, salt pans, and lagoons, where they sweep their specialised beaks side to side in water, filtering out algae, small crustaceans, and plankton — the very diet that lends them their pinkish hue. During breeding in their native range, they nest in dense colonies, often on mud mounds, performing group courtship displays.
Time of migration: They congregate in India during the winter months, roughly from October to March.
Migration route (to/from): Some flamingo populations move between Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia in response to rainfall and food availability. Many Indian flamingos are regional migrants rather than long-distance ones.
Where to find in India: Major wintering and congregating sites include the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, coastal lagoons like Nal Sarovar, Bhigwan wetlands in Maharashtra, and the shallow waters of Chilika Lake in Odisha.
The bluethroat is a charming and vividly coloured small passerine bird with a short build, delicate frame, and a spectacular patch of blue on its throat (in breeding males), often bordered by reddish or white markings. It breeds in the cool northern reaches of Eurasia — in wet birch woodlands, tundra, and shrubby wetlands — where it feeds on insects, spiders, and other small invertebrates foraged among low vegetation. Males are known for their rich, melodious songs and perform displays that show off their throat “mirror” patch during the breeding season.
Time of migration: They typically arrive in India around October or November and remain through the winter, leaving in spring.
Migration route (to/from): Bluethroats fly from their breeding grounds in northern and eastern Europe, Siberia, and Alaska down into southern Europe, North Africa, and parts of South Asia, including India.
Where to find in India: Wintering bluethroats can be spotted in wetlands, reedbeds, and scrubby marshes, especially in areas like Keoladeo (Bharatpur) and along water bodies with dense low shrubbery in northern and western India.
1. Which migratory birds visit India during winter?
Popular winter migrants include the bar-headed goose, demoiselle crane, ruddy shelduck, northern pintail, flamingos, bluethroat, whimbrel, and the rarely seen Siberian crane.
2. Why do migratory birds come to India in winter?
They arrive seeking warmer climates, unfrozen wetlands, and abundant food resources as their northern breeding grounds become too harsh and food-scarce.
3. What are the best places to spot migratory birds in India?
Top sites include Keoladeo National Park, Chilika Lake, Nal Sarovar, Rann of Kutch, Pong Dam, Pulicat Lake, and various wetlands across Rajasthan, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and Gujarat.
4. When is the best time to see migratory birds in India?
Peak viewing season is from October to March, with November–February offering the highest concentrations of species across major wetlands.
5. Which bird migration route passes through India?
India lies on the Central Asian Flyway, a major global migration corridor connecting breeding grounds in Siberia, Central Asia, and Europe with wintering sites across South Asia.
