Did You Know Bihar Is Home To India's Only Dolphin Sanctuary?

The Ganges river dolphin, also known as the Gangetic dolphin, is an endangered freshwater mammal found in the Ganges, Meghna, Brahmaputra, and Karnaphuli-Sangu river systems. These dolphins are considered endangered, with less than 5,000 remaining worldwide. Their numbers are declining due to threats like pollution, habitat destruction, and entanglement in fishing gear. The Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, India's only dolphin sanctuary, protects Gangetic dolphins by providing a safe haven, mitigating threats, and engaging local communities.

Protecting India’s National Aquatic Animal

The Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (VGDS) was established in 1991, tucked away in the Bhagalpur district of Bihar. This sanctuary is one of the few dedicated protected areas in Asia for the Gangetic dolphin, covering a vital 60 km stretch of the Ganges from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon.

Designated as India’s national aquatic animal, the Gangetic dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is known for its adaptation to the freshwater environment of the Ganges River. These dolphins, which possess a limited ability to see but are equipped with a sophisticated echolocation system, use sonar waves to navigate and hunt in the nutrient-rich yet often murky waters of their habitat.

Once thriving in large numbers, the population of Gangetic dolphins has seen a drastic decline due to several anthropogenic threats, including habitat destruction, water pollution, and accidental entanglement in fishing nets, leading to their classification as an endangered species.

Habitat Restoration

This sanctuary is home to over half of India’s remaining Gangetic dolphin population, making it a critical stronghold for the species. The primary goal of the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary is not only to conserve the endangered Gangetic River dolphin but also to preserve the overall biodiversity of the riverine ecosystem.

The sanctuary plays a crucial role in habitat restoration, community awareness, and research initiatives aimed at understanding and mitigating the threats these dolphins face. In doing so, it not only aims to secure the future of India’s national aquatic animal but also to safeguard the ecological balance of the Ganges River, which supports countless other species and livelihoods along its banks.

Wildlife at Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary

In addition to the dolphins, the sanctuary is home to a rich diversity of aquatic wildlife. Among its notable inhabitants are the Indian Smooth-Coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), celebrated for its playful behaviour and social nature, and the critically endangered Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus), a crocodilian species recognised for its distinctive long snout and slender body, which is uniquely adapted for fish-eating. Furthermore, various species of freshwater turtles contribute to the ecological balance, serving as indicators of a healthy environment while also aiding in the maintenance of aquatic vegetation.

The area is also a breeding haven for numerous bird species. Sandbars, abundant in this area, provide ideal nesting grounds, attracting over 135 species of waterfowl. This richness makes the sanctuary a hotspot for birdwatchers and ornithologists alike. Notably, the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) has officially recognised this sanctuary as an "Important Bird Area," highlighting its significance for avifauna.

Among the diverse bird species, one can spot the Indian Skimmer (Rynchops albicollis), known for its unique skimming flight; the Pallas’ Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus), a powerful raptor often seen hunting along the riverbanks; the Greater Spotted Eagle (Clanga clanga), which is distinguished by its striking plumage; and the Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni), a small falcon that is particularly agile in flight. The sanctuary has also recorded sightings of both the Greater Adjutant (Leptoptilos dubius) and Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus), large stork species that play important roles in the ecosystem by scavenging on carrion.

A Buddhist Reference

Named after Vikramshila University, an ancient Buddhist learning center that thrived under the Pala dynasty alongside the more famous Nalanda University, the sanctuary not only serves as a haven for wildlife but also possesses significant cultural and historical importance. This deep-rooted connection to Buddhist heritage enriches the region’s narrative and underscores the traditional values of conservation and reverence for nature.

Looming Threats

The sanctuary faces mounting challenges to its biodiversity. Pollution is a principal threat, stemming from run-off fertilisers and pesticides from agricultural practices that significantly degrade water quality. In addition, industrial discharge and domestic effluents are routinely released into the Ganga River, compounding the ecological crisis. Unchecked and unsustainable development, such as the construction of hydroelectric dams, bridges, and irrigation reservoirs, disrupts the migratory and breeding patterns of aquatic species, further jeopardising their survival. The presence of gill nets leads to accidental wildlife fatalities, while poaching poses an alarming risk to the sanctuary's delicate balance of aquatic life.

Best Time To Visit

The ideal time to visit the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary is between October and June. This period offers the best chance for spotting dolphins and other wildlife, as water levels are more stable during this time. While the sanctuary remains open throughout the year, the chance of spotting dolphins may be lower during the monsoon season (July to September) due to increased water flow. 

How To Get There

The nearest airport to the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary in Bihar is located in Patna, just nine km away. From there, visitors can hire a vehicle to Bhagalpur. Bhagalpur also has a railway station with good connectivity.

Nearby Places To Visit

In addition to dolphin watching, visitors can explore nearby attractions such as the Vikramshila Ruins, the historical remains of the ancient Buddhist university, which highlight the region's cultural heritage. Mandar Parvat is a significant religious site that offers scenic views and a place for prayer. The Khanqah E Shahbazia is a Sufi shrine that reflects the region's diverse religious landscape. Lastly, the Colganj Rock Cut Temple features ancient carvings and architecture, making it an important historical site.