Deep in the lush forests of Goa lies a hidden gem that whispers secrets of an ancient past — the Usgalimal Rock Engravings. It was in the early 1990s that heavy rainfall uncovered the slit in the rock bed along the northern banks of the Kushavati River. Usgalimal is also called Pansaimol. The exposed site revealed over a hundred petroglyphs spread over a vast area of gigantic laterite-stone ground. The various images etched into the rock face and the black river Kushavati bear witness to as much as 20,000 to 30,000 years of history. These mysterious carvings are not only a testament to the artistic abilities of our ancestors but also offer a glimpse into the region's rich cultural heritage. It is a site that must make it into your itinerary for Goa tour.
The Usgalimal Rock Engravings are 20,000 years old and among India's oldest rock art, dating back to prehistoric times. They depict animals, humans, symbols, and patterns, likely created by early hunter-gatherer communities. The carvings were found in a sacred space, used for rituals and storytelling. According to author Themistocles D’Silva who studied the site thoroughly, stone tools were used to etch the carvings, which were likely planned and created under priestly leadership. The carvings were significant to the community, reflecting their knowledge of the world and their surroundings. This practice of recording experiences on stone and rock was common among human ancestors in pre-literate times.
The engravings are not only significant in their age but also in what they reveal about the cultural practices, beliefs, and daily lives of the people who created them. Each engraving offers a glimpse into a long-gone era, inviting us to contemplate the lives of our ancestors and their deep connection to the natural world.
According to the documentation done in the form of a scientific paper by D'Silva, Usgalimal Rock Engravings are an assortment of carved images that include animals such as snakes, bulls, dogs, goats, deer, peacocks, eagles, fishes, and earth mothers. The human figures are primarily situated towards the eastern side. Many small animals, mostly caprids, are scattered throughout the rocky platform. However, there are no discernible carvings of boars or pigs, elephants, buffalos, or horses, hunting scenes, or weapons like bows and arrows, wheels or horse carts. Two side-by-side giant feet are also very conspicuous carvings at the northern edge of the eastern pool.
In his paper, D'Silva also points out that in 2013, a polished stone axe-head, which resembles a modern iron axe but without a hole, was discovered lying on the grassy surface in the vicinity of the rock carvings. The highlight of the site, a unique 3-dimensional labyrinth, is considered the oldest in Asia by Labyrinthos, a publication dedicated to documenting similar engravings worldwide. At the Festival on Labyrinths at Hersonissos, Crete, in 2013, the experts estimated that the labyrinth in Goa was approximately 4500 years old, as noted by D'Silva. The image of Earth Mother or Mother Goddess, carved on a large laterite rock bed of the Selaulim River bank in Curdi, in Sanguem taluka, is estimated to have existed for at least 2500 years. The life-sized human figures of the dancer-storyteller are located at the easternmost end of the site. There are also etchings made representing sky-watchers and timekeepers. At the eastern end, there is a hybrid humped bull with a phallus.
Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary: This area is protected to preserve its diverse range of flora and fauna, which includes rare species of birds, butterflies, and mammals. Visitors on their Goa tour can explore the lush forests on guided treks and watch out for wildlife sightings along the way.
Bubble Lake: Also known as Budbudyachi Tali, this natural phenomenon is a small lake filled with bubbling water that is said to have therapeutic properties. Legend has it that the bubbles are caused by the movement of underground gases, creating an otherworldly sight amidst the serene surroundings.
Tambdi Surla Temple: Situated amidst the dense forests of the Western Ghats, this ancient temple dedicated to Lord Shiva is a testament to Goa's rich architectural heritage. Dating back to the 12th century, the temple features intricate carvings and a peaceful ambience that attracts visitors and pilgrims alike.
Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary: Another haven for nature enthusiasts, this sanctuary is known for its dense canopy of trees, picturesque hiking trails, and opportunities for birdwatching and wildlife spotting. The sanctuary, home to various species of birds, reptiles, and mammals, a paradise for wildlife lovers, make it a must-visit on a Goa tour.
Address: 44CM+86P, Rivona VP, Goa 403704
Timings: Open 24 hours
The engravings are not widely advertised to safeguard them from vandalism and other harm. However, visitors keen to explore them can arrange guided tours through local archaeological authorities or heritage organisations. These tours usually take visitors to specific sites where they can view the rock engravings under the guidance of trained experts who offer insights into their historical and cultural importance.
