If you were to drive through the quiet hamlets near Tenkasi in southern Tamil Nadu, you’d see gentle hills, tamarind trees, and fields dotted with palm groves. Nothing, at first glance, hints at the stories buried beneath this landscape. But in Thirumalapuram, that’s exactly where history has stirred. Preliminary findings from an ongoing excavation have confirmed that this unassuming village was once home to an Iron Age culture strikingly similar to Adichanallur, one of India’s most celebrated archaeological sites.
Archaeologists have uncovered evidence of a flourishing Iron Age culture that could date back nearly 5,000 years. Preliminary findings from the first season of excavations at Thirumalapuram, carried out by the Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology (TNSDA), point to a civilisation that shares remarkable similarities with the ancient sites of Adichanallur and Sivagalai.
According to initial estimates, scientific analysis places the site’s antiquity around the early to mid-third millennium BCE. This would make Thirumalapuram one of the earliest known Iron Age settlements in southern India, comparable in age to other landmark archaeological sites along the Tamirabarani river basin.
The newly unearthed burial site covers roughly 35 acres and lies about 10 kilometres northwest of the present-day Thirumalapuram village, nestled between two seasonal streams that originate from the Western Ghats near the Kulasegarapereri tank.
During the first phase of excavation, archaeologists opened 37 trenches across the site and made a series of significant discoveries. Among the most striking was a rectangular stone-slab chamber containing urn burials—a first-of-its-kind find in Tamil Nadu. The chamber was constructed with 35 stone slabs and packed with cobblestones to a depth of around 1.5 metres.
Within and around these chambers, the team unearthed a rich collection of ceramics and grave goods. The pottery assemblage included white-painted black-and-red ware, red ware, red-slipped ware, black-polished ware, and coarse red ware. Particularly notable were the black-and-red ware and black-slipped ware vessels decorated with white-painted motifs—a distinctive feature previously reported only from sites like T Kallupatti, Adichanallur, Sivagalai, Thulukkarpatti, and Korkai.
Among the discoveries, one red-slipped pot stood out for its extraordinary design. It bore dotted white motifs depicting a human figure, a mountain, a deer, and a tortoise—possibly symbolic representations linked to Iron Age cosmology or ritual beliefs.
In total, archaeologists recovered 78 antiquities crafted from bone, gold, bronze, and iron. These include a range of personal and utilitarian objects such as tweezers, swords, spearheads, axes, daggers, chisels, and arrowheads. The presence of these varied materials reveals that the ancient inhabitants of Thirumalapuram were skilled in multiple crafts, from weapon-making to fine metalwork.
A particularly remarkable discovery was the recovery of three minute gold rings from within an urn burial at a depth of 0.49 metres. Each ring measured just 4.8 millimetres in diameter and weighed less than one milligram—delicate artefacts that suggest high levels of craftsmanship and the use of ornamental gold in burial practices.
These finds together point to a community with a developed social structure and ritual system, one that placed great importance on burial rites and the objects interred with the deceased. The ceramics and grave goods, coupled with the use of both iron and bronze, indicate a technologically advanced culture that bridged the transition from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age.
Though the exact dating of Thirumalapuram will be confirmed after laboratory analyses, the evidence aligns closely with the timelines of Sivagalai and Adichanallur. These sites have been dated to between 3,345 BCE and 2,513 BCE respectively. On that basis, researchers believe Thirumalapuram can be tentatively placed in the early to mid-third millennium BCE.
If confirmed, this would significantly expand the known geographical spread of Tamil Nadu’s Iron Age cultures, showing their presence not just along river valleys but also in the hilly zones near the Western Ghats. The 35-acre burial complex—positioned strategically between water sources—suggests a settled community that may have engaged in agriculture, trade, or craft production in close contact with neighbouring cultures.
Archaeologists describe the site as a “missing link” in understanding the evolution of the Iron Age in southern Tamil Nadu. The urn burials, intricate symbols, and metallurgical evidence point to a thriving society with complex belief systems and ritual practices that may have persisted for centuries.
For now, the findings remain preliminary, pending scientific verification through carbon dating and metallurgical analysis. Yet, the artefacts and burial structures already make a compelling case for Thirumalapuram’s importance in the cultural landscape of early Tamil civilisation.
Thirumalapuram offers a chance to blend heritage with nature. Travellers can begin with a walk through the excavation zones—though access is often restricted when digs are active, the surroundings themselves tell a story. The land is dotted with fragments of pottery and the faint outlines of ancient enclosures, a reminder that the past lies just beneath your feet.
From there, the rock-cut cave temples are a short walk uphill. Their stone pillars, weathered yet steady, open into small sanctums where time seems suspended. In one cave, unfinished carvings suggest that artisans may have abandoned the site mid-way, possibly due to a royal transition or shifting patronage.
If you’re planning a longer stay, Tenkasi makes a convenient base. The town, known for its towering Kasi Viswanathar Temple, is steeped in Dravidian architecture and daily rituals that echo centuries of faith. From here, a half-hour drive takes you to Courtallam, whose waterfalls—nicknamed the “Spa of South India”—are believed to carry medicinal properties thanks to the herbs they wash over. The region’s small homestays and heritage lodges offer a comfortable retreat, often serving traditional Tamil meals cooked over firewood.
The best time to visit is between October and March, when the air is cooler and the hills are wrapped in mist. Travellers can reach Tirunelveli by train, then drive or hire a cab to Tenkasi and onwards to Thirumalapuram. Basic amenities are available nearby, but it’s wise to carry water, snacks, and a sun hat if you’re visiting the archaeological or temple sites.
For Tamil Nadu’s archaeologists, Thirumalapuram is more than another dot on the map—it’s a potential key to understanding the continuum of Iron Age civilisation in the south. The discoveries echo the finds at Adichanallur, Keezhadi, Sivagalai, and Kilnamandi, showing how the ancient Tamil world was interconnected through trade, culture, and shared rituals.
Each new excavation adds a piece to the puzzle of who these people were—their social structures, their burial customs, their relationship with metal and art. And Thirumalapuram, still in the early stages of exploration, may yet reveal more clues about how communities in the Tamil country lived and evolved nearly 3,000 years ago.
Q1. What did archaeologists find at Thirumalapuram?
Archaeologists unearthed Iron Age burial chambers, urn burials, ceramics, and stone structures at Thirumalapuram, indicating an advanced ancient culture similar to Adichanallur and Sivagalai.
Q2. How old is the Thirumalapuram archaeological site?
Preliminary estimates date the Thirumalapuram site to the early to mid-third millennium BCE, making it around 5,000 years old—one of Tamil Nadu’s oldest Iron Age settlements.
Q3. Why is the Thirumalapuram excavation significant?
It provides crucial evidence of a continuous Iron Age civilisation in southern India, showing cultural and trade parallels with other ancient Tamil sites, enriching the historical timeline of the region.
Q4. How is Thirumalapuram connected to Adichanallur?
Artefacts, burial methods, and ceramic styles found at Thirumalapuram closely resemble those at Adichanallur, suggesting both sites were part of a broader shared Iron Age cultural network in Tamil Nadu.
Q5. Can tourists visit Thirumalapuram and nearby archaeological sites?
Yes, visitors can explore Thirumalapuram’s surroundings, including the rock-cut temples, Tenkasi, and the Adichanallur site, though the excavation zones themselves may have restricted access.