“You know, the history of archaeology in Tamil Nadu can be called as before and after Keeladi,” says Ajay Kumar, Archaeological Officer at the site—an assertion that reflects the monumental impact of Keeladi's discoveries. Tucked away in Tamil Nadu’s Sivaganga district, Keeladi has rapidly emerged as a crucial site reshaping the narrative of ancient Indian civilisation. Archaeological evidence from the site suggests that an advanced urban society existed along the Vaigai river as early as 600 BCE, or perhaps even earlier, effectively challenging long-held assumptions about the timeline and complexity of Tamil culture.
Keeladi, also known as Keezhadi, sits on the Vaigai river basin and is now believed to be part of the early Sangam-era landscape. While earlier estimates placed the Sangam period between 300 BCE and 300 CE, findings at Keeladi have pushed that date back by at least 300 years, to 600 BCE. This dramatic revision is not speculative; it is supported by radiocarbon dating and further reinforced by similar artefacts unearthed at other archaeological sites across Tamil Nadu.
The artefacts found at Keeladi offer both material and symbolic insights into early Tamil life. Among the most significant are punch-marked coins, Carnelian beads, spindle whorls, dyeing vats, pottery, and bone tools.
Punch-marked coins are flat silver pieces with various symbols punched into them—used widely in northern India during the 6th to 2nd centuries BCE. Their presence in Keeladi implies robust trade or political connections with the Mahajanapada kingdoms.
Carnelian beads, reddish-orange in colour, are semi-precious stones often used in jewellery. These were not native to Tamil Nadu and were likely imported from regions like Gujarat or Afghanistan, suggesting long-distance trade.
Spindle whorls are small, round tools used in spinning thread—evidence of a significant textile industry. Combined with dyeing vats, they point to the existence of a large-scale fabric dyeing and production centre.
Pottery, especially black and red ware, helps archaeologists date layers of habitation and deduce social behaviours like storage, cooking, and food habits. Some pottery carries graffiti marks, some of which resemble symbols from the Indus Valley script.
Bone points and tools show utilitarian craftsmanship—used perhaps in textile work or leathercraft.
Collectively, these findings depict Keeladi as a flourishing industrial settlement with a high level of organisation, skilled labour, and a networked economy that extended across and beyond the Indian subcontinent.
The Indus Valley Civilisation, one of the world’s oldest urban cultures, peaked between 2600 BCE and 1900 BCE. Keeladi, although emerging more than a millennium later, shows intriguing parallels—especially in its use of symbols and script-like graffiti. Some of the graffiti unearthed in Keeladi, Kodumanal, and Adichanallur bear a strong resemblance to Indus signs, prompting researchers to explore if there could be a linguistic or cultural continuum.
Although there’s no conclusive proof yet of a direct link, efforts are underway to understand if Tamil-Brahmi, the earliest script of the Tamil language, could have evolved from these graffiti symbols. As Ajay Kumar notes, “We are working on hypotheses—to understand how the graffiti symbols evolved into Tamili or Tamil Brahmi script. Deciphering the unknown using what we know.”
While the full extent of the Keeladi settlement spans an estimated 110 acres, only about four acres have been excavated so far. The area comprises a primary habitation zone and a burial ground located one kilometre away in Kondagai. “In the past five years, we have excavated over 150 urn burials of skeletal remains and grave goods,” said Kumar.
Excavations typically reach a depth of four metres to the natural soil, passing through six cultural layers. “Depending upon the locality, it varies. Normally, we have six layers when there is no structure,” Kumar explained, noting that many layers are complicated by the presence of brick constructions and industrial remains.
Keeladi is not a solitary case but part of a larger cultural and archaeological network across Tamil Nadu. Sites like Adichanallur, Kodumanal, Mayiladumparai, Porunthal, and Sivakalai offer complementary data. Sivakalai’s urn burials have been dated to as early as 3300 BCE, which is significantly older than Keeladi’s earliest settlement layer.
Adichanallur, near the Thamirabarani river, has yielded a vast number of urn burials and iron-age artefacts.
Kodumanal is located northwest of Keeladi and is key to understanding the evolution of graffiti into Tamil-Brahmi script.
Mayiladumparai, located in northern Tamil Nadu in Krishnagiri district, has revealed iron artefacts dating around 2200 BCE.
Porunthal has similarly contributed artefacts and script samples crucial to dating the transition period.
Sivakalai, further south, pushes the boundary of settlement and antiquity of iron in Tamil Nadu back by over 1000 years.
These sites, aligned across river basins and hill tracts, help form a dense map of cultural evolution in southern India, indicating uninterrupted human settlement and cultural development over thousands of years.
To bring these discoveries closer to the public, the Keeladi Museum was inaugurated on March 5, 2023. Spread over two acres and showcasing more than 15,000 artefacts across 15 galleries, the museum offers an accessible gateway into Tamil Nadu’s deep past. The public interest has been tremendous—with some days in 2019 seeing more than 8,000 visitors.
Keeladi’s artefacts are being analysed by over 20 institutions across the world. “Facial reconstruction of burial skeletons is being done by John Moores University in Liverpool, and we’re collaborating with Harvard and Oxford, through Madurai Kamaraj University for ancient DNA studies,” said Kumar. Research on ceramics, metallurgy, and osteology is also underway across multiple Indian universities and research institutes.
In 2024, Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M K Stalin announced a one million reward for anyone able to decipher the Indus script—a move that aligns with the growing academic effort to trace script evolution from Indus signs to Tamil-Brahmi. “We received a lot of entries… but it has to be substantiated by senior scholars and experts in archaeology and epigraphy,” said Kumar, highlighting the importance of methodological rigour.
Keeladi has done more than rewrite textbooks—it has awakened an interest in archaeology across the region. “Now, there’s more public engagement. We get more calls from people around all places saying, ‘We found pottery in our village, come and look at it.’ More people have started studying or enrolling in archaeology in Tamil Nadu universities,” said Kumar.
Keeladi is no longer just an excavation—it is a movement. It compels us to reconsider what we thought we knew about India’s early civilisations and invites a deeper, more inclusive conversation on the origins of culture, language, and trade in the subcontinent.
